Borehole
Welcome to the borehole team!
The main objective of our team is to ensure that a borehole of acceptable quality is installed in Adu Achi by a reputable company.
Members:
Yang Zhang, zhang33 [at] uiuc [dot] edu
Borehole Budget
Borehole Literature & Resources
Borehole Objectives
Borehole Budget
Borehole Literature & Resources
Here you can find all of the links and articles that have been posted by the borehole team.
A brief review of groundwater for rural water supply in sub-Saharan Africa
"Co-ordinated groundwater research and data collection has become more difficult in SSA due to decentralisation and demand responsive approaches to the provision of rural water supplies. Information is rarely collected from the many thousands of boreholes drilled each year, with the result that the same costly mistakes are made time and again. However techniques are available to allow local institutions to collect high value data from ongoing drilling for little additional cost. The use of these techniques could allow local institutions to assess the nature of groundwater resources in their areas and, with proper documentation and networking, increase the knowledge base of groundwater in Africa. Budgets for groundwater research in Africa could then be targeted to issues that cannot be addressed by improved data collection from ongoing drilling. Such a scenario will only occur with the dissemination of simple techniques in groundwater resource assessment to those involved in rural water supply, and when the benefits of such assessments are seen within individual water projects."
Simple methods for assessing GW resources in low permeability areas of Africa
"This manual aims to be a first step in providing useful information for project engineers working on rural water supply projects in sub-Saharan Africa. The focus is on low permeability aquifers, where groundwater is difficult to find."
Borehole Objectives
Borehole Team
Members: Rimas Gulbinas, Sheri Northcutt, Colleen Lyons, Stephen Enriquez, Brian Chung
Overall Goals and Objectives
Find some Nigerian Borehole companies
Estimate standard drilling costs beyond those previously obtained
Find out how deep and wide the hole will be, what kind of pump test will be performed, and what kind of pump (will boreline be utilized or just conventional drilling)
Proceed with test and obtain results - November 20th
Analyze Data - November 30th
Research how data should be interpreted
Contact any potentially helpful professors for advising
Present findings to Pump Committee
Complete analysis and make final recommendation to the Project Team
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Recycle our group members back into the EWB machine - November 30th
Status Report-Specific Goals (Identify what you hope to achieve by each of the status reports)
By October 25th (Status Report 1)
By the first status report our team will have become familiarized with the different methods of borehole drilling and will be competent enough to present its findings to other groups. We will have identified local drilling companies, and if any additional companies beyond those previously encountered exist. A cost estimate will be performed and the preliminary results handed over the appropriate party.
By October 31th (Status Report 2)
A cost estimate will be confirmed by contacting and communicating with the local drilling companies. The types of tests offered by each company will be analyzed, and the varying costs compared. A final decision on the company and type of pump test will arrived at by Nov 15th and the company will be notified. A pump test will be performed by Nov 20th .
By November 30th (Status Report 3)
As the epic saga of the borehole team approaches completion, the pump test data will be finally analyzed, hopefully in conjunction with a professor, and a final report will be prepared for the pump committee. Any recommendations arrived at over the semester, especially if they come from the pump test company, will be communicated.
Water Quality
Welcome to the Water Quality Team!
The overall objective of the water quality team is to design an efficient system which will keep the borehole water supply free of contamination.
Leader: Benjamin Finnegan, finnmccoy [at] gmail [dot] com (Registered for both EWB-USA and Mondialogo)
Representative: Brian Schaefer, bschaef2 [at] uiuc [dot] edu (Registered for Mondialogo)
Members: Claire Joseph, cjoseph2 [at] uiuc [dot] edu (Registered for both EWB-USA and Mondialogo)
Martin Page, mapage [at] uiuc [dot] edu
Nadja Serak, serak [at] uiuc [dot] edu
“Water is life” the Adu Achi Water Project Committee reminded the Engineers Without Borders team from the University of Illinois in Summer 2006. As the Nigerians understand, clean water is essential for the health and economic development of any community. Adu Achi currently has no improved water source. We, as the water quality group aim to develop a sustainable water quality initiative in order to prevent waterborne disease and maintain a healthy community.
Water treatment is achieved through multi-barrier processes, which aim to effectively eliminate waterborne pathogens, contaminants, and suspended particles. Water quality is improved through various physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes which can be implemented on a large scale, such as in the developed world, or can be put in place at the point of use level in the developing world.
Our primary goal was to provide a continuous source of water by extracting groundwater from an aquifer using a borehole. Currently, we are also assessing the possibilities of implementing a point of use treatment strategy until the borehole can be constructed. We hope to provide the residents the education and skill necessary for point of use treatment. Once the borehole is constructed, we plan to install a tablet-fed chlorinator which applies a free-chlorine residual to the borehole water to effectively remove pathogens and ensure a safe residual for storage of drinking water.
The project has involved design and cost considerations with the overall goal of improving the health of the Adu Achi community. But it is crucial to consider the sustainability of our final design. This is why we have reviewed several case studies of both centralized and point of use treatment initiatives in the developing world. The results of this research have indicated that the system we plan to implement is effective in the short-term and the results seem promising for the long-term.
Please follow the following links for more information:
A Comparison of Two Systems for Chlorinating Water in Rural Honduras
The link for the full online article is given below:
http://www.icddrb.org/images/jhpn2303_A-Comparison.pdf
Abstract:
This study investigated a small subset of the two community water-disinfection systems--hypochlorinators and tablet feeders-in rural Honduras. Levels of residual chlorine were assessed at three locations within the distribution system: the tank, the proximal house, and the distal house. The levels of residual chlorine were compared with the standard guidelines set by the Pan American Health Organization and the International Rural Water Association for potable water that require a minimum of 1.0 (tank), 0.5 (proximal house), and 0.2 (distal house) ppm for each location. The levels of residual chlorine were also compared across systems, e.g. hypochlorinators to tablet feeders.
Chlorination and Safe Storage of Household Drinking Water in Developing Countries to Reduce Waterborne Diseases
ABSTRACT:
Simple, effective and affordable methods are needed to treat and safely store non-piped, gathered household water. This study evaluated point-of-use chlorination and storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial quality and reducing diarrhoeal illness of consumers living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene. Community families were recruited and randomly divided into intervention (household water chlorination and storage in a special container) and control (no intervention) households. Microbes in stored household water were extensively inactivated by 1-5-mg/L doses of hypochlorite. Escherichia coli levels in stored household waters were <1/100 mL in most intervention households but readily detectable at high levels in control households. Stored water of intervention households was also lower in Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic plate count bacteria than in control households. The intervention reduced household diarrhoeal illness. In Bolivia, monthly episodes of household diarrhoeal illness were 1.25 and 2.2 in intervention and control families, respectively (P = <0.002) indicating that 43% of community diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention. In Bangladesh, mean episodes of child diarrhoea/1,000 d were 19.6 and 24.8 in intervention and control groups respectively (P = <0.03) indicating that about 24% of observed diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention. Chlorine disinfection and storage in an appropriate container significantly improved the microbiological quality of non-piped household drinking water and reduced community diarrhoeal disease. Widespread use of this simple treatment and storage system for non-piped domestic water has the potential to dramatically reduce the global burden of waterborne diarrhoeal disease.
Chlorinator Diagram
Here is a diagram of the chlorinator that we're planning to use.
Chlorinator Operation Manual
This is the operation manuel for the chlorinator we are planning to use.
Chlorinator Safety Data Sheet
Here is the material safety data sheet for the chorinator we are planning to use.
Chlorinator Specifications
Here are the general specifications for the chlorinator.
Chlorine Demand, Dose, and Cost
This is a chart of the Chlorine Demand, Dose, and Cost.
Chorinator Tablet Information
Here is some information about the tablets used in our chlorinator system.
Drinking Water in Developing Countries
Safe drinking water remains inaccessible for about 1.1 billion people in the world,
and the hourly toll from biological contamination of drinking water is 400 deaths
of children (below age 5). This paper reviews the general guidelines for drinking
water quality and the scale of the global problem. It reviews the various water
disinfection technologies that may be applicable to achieve the desired quality of
drinking water in developing countries. It then summarizes financing problems
that deter extending access to safe drinking water to the unserved population and
identifies feasible policy positions for enhancing availability of drinking water in
these countries.
Effect of Chlorination of Drinking-water on Water Quality and Childhood Diarrhoea in a Village in Pakistan
A direct link to the full online article is given below.
Abstract:
To evaluate the importance of public-domain transmission of pathogens in drinking-water, an intervention study was carried out by chlorinating the public water-supply system in a village in Pakistan. The water quality improved and reached a geometric mean of 3 Escherichia coli per 100 mL at the last standpipe of the water-supply system. Drinking-water source used and the occurrence of diarrhoea were monitored on a weekly basis over a six-month period among 144 children aged less than five years in the village. In this group, the children using chlorinated water from the water-supply scheme had a higher risk of diarrhoea than children using groundwater sources, controlled for confounding by season and availability of a toilet and a water-storage facility. The incidence of diarrhoea in the village (7.3 episodes per 10(3) person-days) was not statistically different from that in a neighbouring village where most children used water from a non-chlorinated water-supply system with very poor water quality. In this study area, under non-epidemic conditions, the reduction of faecal bacteria in the public drinking-water supply by chlorination does not seem to be a priority intervention to reduce childhood diarrhoea. However, the study was of limited size and cannot provide conclusive evidence.
IRWA Letter
Here is a letter from the Internation Rural Water Association confirming the safety of the water disinfection system used for this chlorinator and recommends its use in rural water sources.
Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply
The link to the full online article is given below:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsh0207/en/print.html
Forward:
This report describes and critically reviews the various methods and systems for household water collection, treatment and storage. It also presents and critically reviews data on the ability of these household water treatment and storage methods to provide water that has improved microbiological quality and lower risk of waterborne diarrheal and other infectious disease.
Narrow-mouthed Storage Vessels and in Situ Chlorination in a Bolivian Community: A Method to Improve Drinking Water Quality
ABSTRACT:
Epidemiologic investigations of the Latin America cholera epidemic have repeatedly implicated untreated drinking water and water touched by hands during storage as important vehicles for disease transmission. To prevent such transmission, we provided a new narrow-mouthed, plastic, water storage vessel and 5% calcium hypochlorite solution for home disinfection of stored water to a Bolivian Aymara Indian community at risk for cholera. We evaluated acceptance of this intervention and its effect on water quality. Each of 42 families in the study obtained water from a household well; fecal coliform bacteria were found in water from 39 (93%) of 42 wells and 33 (79%) of 42 usual water storage vessels. One group of families received the special vessels and chlorine (group A), a second received only the special vessels (group B), and a third served as a control group (group C). Water samples collected every three weeks from group A special vessels had lower geometric mean fecal coliform colony counts (P < 0.0001) and lower geometric mean Escherichia coli colony counts (P < 0.0001) than water from group B or C vessels. Adequate levels of free chlorine persisted in these vessels for at least 5 hr. The special vessels and chlorine solution were well accepted and continued to be used for at least six months. Use of the vessel and chlorine solution produced drinking water from nonpotable sources that met World Health Organization standards for microbiologic quality.
Objectives Plan
Attached is our objectives plan.
Off-Site Test Results
These are the off-site test results.
Research Timeline
Attached is our research timeline.
Rough Budget
This is the rough budget.
Safe Water Systems of the Developing World: A Handbook for Implementing Household-Based Water Treatment and Storage Projects
This is a comprehensive handbook for safe water systems, provided by the CDC.
A direct link to the online version of the handbook is given below:
http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/manual/sws_manual.pdf
Safe Water for the Community: A Guide for NGOs and Other Organizations to Establish a Community-Based Safe Water System Program
This is a safe water systems handbook provided by the CDC specifically for small projects like ours.
Theoretical Case Study, Adu Achi Water
This is the theoretical case study, Adu Achi water.
Water Disinfection
This paper from the World Health Organization provides background information on water disinfection methods, including chlorination.
A direct link to the online paper is listed below:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/paho/2003/a85637.pdf
Water Quality Data and Design
Below is a link to the chlorinator manufacturer:
http://www.globaltreat.com/solfeeders.html
Below are links to the water quality design site assessment reports and test results, as well as the operation manuel and specifications for the chlorinator:
Water Quality Literature & Resources
Below is a list of resources relevant to the water quality team's research.
Water Quality Objectives
Listed below are links to our objectives plan and our research timeline.
Water Quality Parameter Spreadsheet
This is a spreadsheet about water quality parameters relevant to our project.
Water Quality Site Assessment Report
This is the water quality site assessment report.
Water Quality Test Log
This is the water quality test log.
Emergency Water Reserve
When determining the capacity of a water resevoir, you must also account for an emergency water reserve. In case of a fire that threatens the water reservoir tank or the village it is important to have a system that must take care of the problem. Below is a simple picture on how to set up an emergency water system.